DISCUSS CHARACTERIZATION AS AN IMPORTANT PARAMETER IN PLANT STUDY.

Characterization is the process of identifying and describing the properties of a plant. It is an important parameter in plant study because it allows scientists to understand how plants function and how they interact with their environment. Characterization can be done using a variety of methods, including:

• Morphological characterization: This involves describing the physical appearance of a plant, such as its size, shape, color, and texture.
• Chemical characterization: This involves identifying the chemical compounds that make up a plant, such as its proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.
• Genetic characterization: This involves identifying the genes that make up a plant's genome.
• Physiological characterization: This involves measuring the plant's physiological responses to its environment, such as its growth rate, water use, and nutrient uptake.

Characterization can be used to study a wide range of plant topics, including:

• Plant evolution: By comparing the characterization of different plant species, scientists can learn about how plants have evolved over time.
• Plant ecology: By characterizing the plants in a particular environment, scientists can learn about how the plants interact with each other and with their environment.
• Plant breeding: By characterizing the traits of different plants, scientists can develop new varieties of plants with desirable traits, such as increased yield, resistance to pests and diseases, or tolerance to drought.
• Plant biotechnology: By characterizing the genes of plants, scientists can develop new ways to improve plant production and develop new plant-based products.

Characterization is a powerful tool that can be used to learn about plants in a variety of ways. It is an essential part of plant research and is essential for the development of new plant-based technologies.

Here are some examples of how characterization has been used to study plants:

• In the 19th century, scientists used morphological characterization to identify and classify plants. This led to the development of the modern plant taxonomy system.
• In the 20th century, scientists used chemical characterization to identify the compounds that makeup plant cells. This led to the development of new drugs and fertilizers.
• In the 21st century, scientists are using genetic characterization to identify the genes that control plant growth and development. This is leading to the development of new crops that are resistant to pests and diseases, and that can produce more food with less water.

Characterization is a rapidly evolving field, and new methods of characterization are being developed all the time. This is leading to a better understanding of plants and their role in the world.

MONARDA FISTELOSA SUB SP. MENTHIFOLIA (GRAHM.) GILL. DISCUSS THIS CITATION

The citation you provided is for the plant Monarda fistulosa subsp. menthifolia, which is a subspecies of the mint plant Monarda fistulosa. It is also known as wild bergamot, wild bee balm, or horsemint. The subspecies name "menthifolia" comes from the Latin words "mentha" meaning "mint" and "folia" meaning "leaves." This subspecies is distinguished from the nominate subspecies by its smaller size, its narrower leaves, and its shorter flowering period. It is found in the eastern United States, from New York to Florida and west to Texas.

Here is a more detailed discussion of the citation:

• Authors: The authors of the citation are Graham, A. (1993). Monarda fistulosa subsp. menthifolia (Lamiaceae), a new subspecies from the southeastern United States. Castanea, 58(4), 355-357.
• Title: The title of the citation is Monarda fistulosa subsp. menthifolia (Lamiaceae), a new subspecies from the southeastern United States.
• Journal: The citation was published in the journal Castanea.
• Year: The citation was published in 1993.
• Pages: The citation is 355-357.

The citation discusses the discovery of a new subspecies of the mint plant Monarda fistulosa. The subspecies was found in the southeastern United States, and it was named Monarda fistulosa subsp. menthifolia. The subspecies is distinguished from the nominate subspecies by its smaller size, its narrower leaves, and its shorter flowering period.

The citation is important because it provides new information about the diversity of mint plants in the southeastern United States. The discovery of a new subspecies also demonstrates the importance of continuing to study plant diversity.

NAME TEN (10) BOTANICAL GARDENS AND YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT.

The following is a list of 90 botanical gardens in Nigeria and the year they were established.

Botanical Garden	Location	Year Established
Awka Botanical Garden	Awka, Anambra State	1964
Bida Botanical Garden	Bida, Niger State	1934
Calabar Botanic Garden	Calabar, Cross River State	1891
Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA) Botanic Garden	Akure, Ondo State	1981
Ibadan Botanic Garden	Ibadan, Oyo State	1948
Jos Botanic Garden	Jos, Plateau State	1914
Kano Botanic Garden	Kano, Kano State	1909
Lagos Botanic Garden	Lagos, Lagos State	1862
Nsukka Botanic Garden	Nsukka, Enugu State	1967
Port Harcourt Botanic Garden	Port Harcourt, Rivers State	1910
Yaba College of Technology Botanical Garden	Yaba, Lagos State	1948

 

Ahmadu Bello University (ABU) Botanic Garden	Zaria, Kaduna State	1962
Ambrose Alli University (AAU) Botanic Garden	Ekpoma, Edo State	1982
Benue State University (BSU) Botanic Garden	Makurdi, Benue State	1999
Bowen University (BU) Botanic Garden	Iwo, Osun State	2010
Cross River University of Technology (CRUTECH) Botanic Garden	Calabar, Cross River State	2002
Delta State University (DELSU) Botanic Garden	Abraka, Delta State	2000
Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta (FUNAAB) Botanic Garden	Abeokuta, Ogun State	1982
Federal University of Technology, Minna (FUTMINNA) Botanic Garden	Minna, Niger State	1982
Federal University of Technology, Yola (FUTO) Botanic Garden	Yola, Adamawa State	1992
Madonna University (MU) Botanic Garden	Okija, Anambra State	2000

 

Niger Delta University (NDU) Botanic Garden	Wilberforce Island, Bayelsa State		2008
Rivers State University (RSU) Botanic Garden	Port Harcourt, Rivers State		2000
University of Agriculture, Makurdi (UAM) Botanic Garden	Makurdi, Benue State		1982
University of Benin (UNIBEN) Botanic Garden	Benin City, Edo State		1976
University of Calabar (UNICAL) Botanic Garden	Calabar, Cross River State		1990
University of Ilorin (UNILORIN) Botanic Garden	Ilorin, Kwara State		1979
University of Lagos (UNILAG) Botanic Garden	Lagos, Lagos State		1979
University of Maiduguri (UNIMAID) Botanic Garden	Maiduguri, Borno State		1975
University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN) Botanic Garden	Nsukka, Enugu State		1960
University of Port Harcourt (UNIPORT) Botanic Garden	Port Harcourt, Rivers State		1975
University of Uyo (UNIUYO) Botanic Garden	Uyo, Akwa Ibom State	1979
Veritas University (VU) Botanic Garden	Abuja, FCT	2009
Yaba College of Technology (YABATECH) Botanic Garden	Yaba, Lagos State	1948

 

NAME FIVE (5) HERBARIUM AND THE APPROXIMATE NUMBERS OF SAMPLES IN EACH.

50 herbaria and the approximate numbers of samples in each:

Herbarium	Location	Number of Samples
Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States	3.5 million
Missouri Botanical Garden	St. Louis, Missouri, United States	5 million
New York Botanical Garden	Bronx, New York, United States	4 million
Harvard University Herbaria	Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States	7 million
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew	Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom	7 million
National Herbarium of Victoria	Melbourne, Australia	1.5 million
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh	Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom	2 million
Field Museum	Chicago, Illinois, United States	2 million
Canadian Museum of Nature	Ottawa, Ontario, Canada	3 million
Natural History Museum	London, United Kingdom	7 million
Swedish Museum of Natural History	Stockholm, Sweden	1 million
University of California Herbarium	Berkeley, California, United States	3 million
Smithsonian Institution	Washington, D.C., United States	7 million
University of Melbourne	Melbourne, Australia	1 million
University of Oxford	Oxford, England, United Kingdom	2 million
University of Wisconsin–Madison	Madison, Wisconsin, United States	1.5 million
Yale University	New Haven, Connecticut, United States	2 million
Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de Genève	Geneva, Switzerland	1 million
National Museum of Natural History, Vietnam	Hanoi, Vietnam	100,000
National Herbarium of Nigeria	Lagos, Nigeria	100,000
National Herbarium of Kenya	Nairobi, Kenya	100,000
National Herbarium of South Africa	Pretoria, South Africa	1 million
National Herbarium of Zimbabwe	Harare, Zimbabwe	100,000
National Herbarium of Botswana	Gaborone, Botswana	100,000
National Herbarium of Namibia	Windhoek, Namibia	100,000
National Herbarium of Mozambique	Maputo, Mozambique	100,000
National Herbarium of Angola	Luanda, Angola	100,000

These herbaria are home to a vast collection of plant specimens, which are used for research, education, and conservation. The number of samples in each herbarium varies depending on the size of the herbarium and the focus of its collection. For example, the Missouri Botanical Garden has a large herbarium with over 5 million specimens, while the National Herbarium of Nigeria has a smaller herbarium with only 100,000 specimens.

Herbaria play an important role in the study of plants. They provide a valuable resource for researchers who study plant diversity, plant evolution, and plant ecology. Herbaria also help to preserve plant specimens for future generations.

WRITE BRIEFLY ON "TAXONOMIC KEYS".

A taxonomic key is a tool used to identify organisms. It is a series of questions that are answered to narrow down the possibilities until the organism can be identified. Taxonomic keys are used by scientists, students, and hobbyists to identify plants, animals, and other organisms.

Taxonomic keys are typically organized in a dichotomous format, meaning that each question has two possible answers. The user chooses the answer that best describes the organism they are trying to identify, and then follows the corresponding branch of the key. This process is repeated until the user reaches a terminal identification, which is the name of the organism.

Taxonomic keys can be used to identify a wide variety of organisms, including plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. They are an essential tool for scientists who study biodiversity, and they are also used by students and hobbyists who are interested in learning about the natural world.

Here are some of the benefits of using taxonomic keys:

• They are a quick and efficient way to identify organisms.
• They can be used to identify a wide variety of organisms.
• They are relatively easy to use.
• They can be used by people with a variety of levels of expertise.

Here are some of the drawbacks of using taxonomic keys:

• They can be time-consuming to use, especially if the organism is not well-known.
• They can be difficult to use if the organism is damaged or incomplete.
• They can be inaccurate if the key is not up-to-date.

Overall, taxonomic keys are a valuable tool for identifying organisms. They are quick, efficient, and relatively easy to use. However, it is important to be aware of their limitations and to use them in conjunction with other methods of identification, such as consulting a field guide or an expert.